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Warning: mktime(): It is not safe to rely on the system's timezone settings. You are *required* to use the date.timezone setting or the date_default_timezone_set() function. In case you used any of those methods and you are still getting this warning, you most likely misspelled the timezone identifier. We selected the timezone 'UTC' for now, but please set date.timezone to select your timezone. in
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Warning: date(): It is not safe to rely on the system's timezone settings. You are *required* to use the date.timezone setting or the date_default_timezone_set() function. In case you used any of those methods and you are still getting this warning, you most likely misspelled the timezone identifier. We selected the timezone 'UTC' for now, but please set date.timezone to select your timezone. in
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Warning: mktime(): It is not safe to rely on the system's timezone settings. You are *required* to use the date.timezone setting or the date_default_timezone_set() function. In case you used any of those methods and you are still getting this warning, you most likely misspelled the timezone identifier. We selected the timezone 'UTC' for now, but please set date.timezone to select your timezone. in
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Warning: date(): It is not safe to rely on the system's timezone settings. You are *required* to use the date.timezone setting or the date_default_timezone_set() function. In case you used any of those methods and you are still getting this warning, you most likely misspelled the timezone identifier. We selected the timezone 'UTC' for now, but please set date.timezone to select your timezone. in
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Warning: date(): It is not safe to rely on the system's timezone settings. You are *required* to use the date.timezone setting or the date_default_timezone_set() function. In case you used any of those methods and you are still getting this warning, you most likely misspelled the timezone identifier. We selected the timezone 'UTC' for now, but please set date.timezone to select your timezone. in
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Warning: date(): It is not safe to rely on the system's timezone settings. You are *required* to use the date.timezone setting or the date_default_timezone_set() function. In case you used any of those methods and you are still getting this warning, you most likely misspelled the timezone identifier. We selected the timezone 'UTC' for now, but please set date.timezone to select your timezone. in
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Warning: date(): It is not safe to rely on the system's timezone settings. You are *required* to use the date.timezone setting or the date_default_timezone_set() function. In case you used any of those methods and you are still getting this warning, you most likely misspelled the timezone identifier. We selected the timezone 'UTC' for now, but please set date.timezone to select your timezone. in
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Descriminalizar e oferecer serviços de saúde incondicionalmente
Evitar a perseguição penal aos usuários de drogas é o primeiro passo para estabelecer o protagonismo das políticas sociais e de saúde. No painel “Políticas Sócio-Sanitárias”, foram apresentadas as experiências de Portugal e do Brasil com uma revisão crítica de realizações e desafios
Como traduzir os discursos inovadores e respeitosos dos Direitos Humanos em políticas sociais e de saúde aos usuários de drogas? A partir dessa pergunta, na mesa sobre “Políticas Sócio-Sanitárias”, foi apresentada a experiência de descriminalização de todas as drogas ocorrida em Portugal em 2002, que esteve a cargo de Manuel Cardoso, membro do Conselho Executivo do Instituto de Droga e Toxicomania do país; Luciana Boiteux, integrante do Conselho Consultivo da Rede Brasileira de Redução de Danos e Direitos Humanos (REDUC) e Pedro Gabriel Godinho Delgado, coordenador de Saúde Mental, Álcool e outras Drogas do Ministério da Saúde do Brasil.
Manuel Cardoso, co-responsável pelo processo de descriminalização em Portugal, explicou que, na década de 1980, quando começaram a pesquisar o consumo dos usuários de drogas, os estudos destacavam que 89% consumiam heroína, 50% de forma injetável. Depois, houve uma incorporação da maconha e as drogas se tornaram um tema penal. Em 1999, foi construída a primeira estratégia integral, que permanece até hoje: em 2000 foi aprovada a lei de descriminalização e em 2001 começou a funcionar um órgão específico.
“O primeiro grande marco do trabalho é o tratamento para todos, seja para os que vêm ou os que vamos buscar; o segundo são políticas inovadoras, como a redução de danos”, explicou Cardoso, que destacou ainda que são guiados por dois princípios: humanismo e pragmatismo, não negar atenção a ninguém e usar métodos cientificamente comprovados.
Por sua vez, Luciana Boiteux, que também é coordenadora do grupo de pesquisas sobre Políticas de Drogas e Direitos Humanos da Faculdade Nacional de Direitos da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, assinalou que 70% das pessoas detidas por narcotráfico são rapazes pobres, detidos sozinhos na rua, sem armas ou com pequenas quantidades de substâncias. A partir desses dados, criticou as políticas repressivas porque “são ineficazes na redução dos problemas associados às drogas; a repressão aos traficantes serve como pretexto para maior intervenção policial”.
Boiteux destacou que as operações no Rio de Janeiro “são contraproducentes, pois não inibem o mercado ilícito, mas sim trazem muita morte”. E concluiu: “as políticas atuais são ineficientes, mas há uma parte da burocracia internacional que está acomodada com a situação atual, por isso não muda”.
O coordenador do Programa de Saúde Mental do Ministério da Saúde do Brasil, Pedro Gabriel Godinho Delgado, reconheceu que, apesar de o sistema de saúde do Brasil ter como princípio básico a universalidade, inclusive para os toxicodependentes, “o fato é que o mesmo setor de saúde se recusa a prestar serviço quando os usuários não se comprometem com a interrupção do uso de drogas, e a consequência disso é que os usuários não se aproximam do sistema”.
Por isso, Godinho Delgado considera que existem duas grandes linhas de trabalho: 1) convencer o setor de saúde e a sociedade como um todo de que se deve atrair o usuário ao sistema de saúde e, para isso, as terapias não podem basear-se em condições de abstinência total, porque isso se converte em uma “chantagem”; 2) oferecer tratamentos não obrigatórios e integrais, não só de saúde, mas também de todas as áreas necessárias para diminuir a vulnerabilidade social que empurra muita gente a usar certas drogas.
O moderador da mesa, o secretário geral da Junta Nacional de Drogas do Uruguai, Milton Romani, assinalou que as estratégias sócio-sanitárias apresentadas para a atenção ao usuário de drogas coincidiram ao destacar a necessidade de levar o tema das drogas ao campo da saúde, descriminalização dos usuários e atenção universal sem estigma nem discriminação como requisitos para dar respostas efetivas.