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- Inicio
- Sobre la Conferencia
- Apoyos institucionales
- Programa
- Programa Día 1
- Programa Día 2
- Paneles
- Disertantes
- Tarcisio Andrade
- Luis Astorga
- Luciana Boiteux
- Manuel Cardoso
- Pedro Chequer
- Mónica Cuñarro
- Jorge da Silva
- Yago Di Nella
- Ann Fordham
- Luiz Paulo Guanabara
- Pedro Gabriel Godinho Delgado
- José Gomes Temporão
- Dirceu Greco
- Juan Carlos Hidalgo
- Javier Hourcade Bellocq
- Kasia Malinowska-Sempruch
- Monica Malta
- Bo Mathiesen
- Inés Mejía
- Pien Metaal
- Carlos Minc
- Reynaldo Molina Salvatierra
- Claudio Morgado
- Ethan Nadelmann
- Freddy Antonio Pavón Vásquez
- Jorge Ruibal Pino
- David Ruiz Villafranca
- José Serrano Salgado
- Domiciano Siqueira
- Aloíso Teixeira
- Paulo Teixeira
- Luiz Paulo Teles Ferreira Barreto
- Francisco Thoumi
- Graciela Touzé
- Paulo Vannuchi
- Pedro Vieira Abramovay
- Marcelo Vila
- Paulo Roberto Yog de Miranda Uchoa
- Mauricio Zorondo
- Moderadores
- Resúmenes de Mesa
- Boletines
- Lugar
- Conferencias anteriores
- Prensa
- Inscripción
- Información útil
- Acerca de Rio de Janeiro
Warning: mktime(): It is not safe to rely on the system's timezone settings. You are *required* to use the date.timezone setting or the date_default_timezone_set() function. In case you used any of those methods and you are still getting this warning, you most likely misspelled the timezone identifier. We selected the timezone 'UTC' for now, but please set date.timezone to select your timezone. in /home/lista/public_html/2010/wp-includes/functions.php on line 41
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Warning: date(): It is not safe to rely on the system's timezone settings. You are *required* to use the date.timezone setting or the date_default_timezone_set() function. In case you used any of those methods and you are still getting this warning, you most likely misspelled the timezone identifier. We selected the timezone 'UTC' for now, but please set date.timezone to select your timezone. in /home/lista/public_html/2010/wp-includes/functions.php on line 52
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Warning: date(): It is not safe to rely on the system's timezone settings. You are *required* to use the date.timezone setting or the date_default_timezone_set() function. In case you used any of those methods and you are still getting this warning, you most likely misspelled the timezone identifier. We selected the timezone 'UTC' for now, but please set date.timezone to select your timezone. in /home/lista/public_html/2010/wp-includes/functions.php on line 50
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Warning: date(): It is not safe to rely on the system's timezone settings. You are *required* to use the date.timezone setting or the date_default_timezone_set() function. In case you used any of those methods and you are still getting this warning, you most likely misspelled the timezone identifier. We selected the timezone 'UTC' for now, but please set date.timezone to select your timezone. in /home/lista/public_html/2010/wp-includes/functions.php on line 54
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Resumen de mesa
De la guerra contra las drogas a su impacto en los usuarios
La complejidad de las drogas no puede entenderse si no se abordan, a la vez, sus múltiples caras. Por un lado, producción y tráfico, fuerzas armadas y corrupción política. Por otro, pobreza y desigualdad social, condiciones estructurales de las sociedades latinoamericanas. Entre ambos, las políticas sociales y económicas de cada país de la región. La mesa “Determinantes estructurales de los problemas asociados a las drogas” buscó reunir todas estas caras en un mismo panel. Ethan Nadelmann, de Estados Unidos, Luis Astorga de México y los brasileros Tarcisio Matos de Andrade y Monica Malta aceptaron el desafío.
(Viernes 27/08/10; 09:30 a 11:00) “El cambio vendrá de Latinoamérica”. Así comenzó su presentación Ethan Nadelmann, doctor por la Universidad de Harvard y fundador y director ejecutivo de la Drug Policy Alliance (DPA), durante la mesa “Determinantes estructurales de los problemas asociados a las drogas”. Nadelmann señaló que Estados Unidos “ha impuesto durante cien años su visión sobre las drogas, por eso existe la falsa creencia de que hay que cambiar las leyes en Estados Unidos primero, pero esto no es cierto”. Y puso como ejemplo la Comisión Latinoamericana sobre Drogas y Democracia, porque “por primera vez ex presidentes se atreven a cuestionar la prohibición, proponen claramente de la descriminalización de la marihuana y promueven las medidas de reducción de daños”.
Nadelman resaltó los resultados de la iniciativa de las Unidades de Policía Pacificadoras en Río de Janeiro (programa para recuperar el control territorial en favelas dominadas por traficantes armados) y las medidas de inclusión social impulsadas por el ex alcalde Sergio Fajard en Medellín (Colombia), pero advirtió que “deben ser constantes y no pueden ignorar el tema de la ilegalidad de las drogas, porque mientras exista el mercado negro que financia al crimen organizado será difícil erradicar la violencia”.
Además aclaró que los cambios en materia de drogas en su país se concentran en debates sobre los derechos de los usuarios y sobre cómo abordar la super población carcelaria, ya que dos millones y medio de personas en prisión por delitos de drogas.
Vínculo entre narcotráfico y partidos políticos
La situación en México a partir de la llamada lucha contra el narcotráfico, dramática e inédita en términos de muertes, fue analizada por Luis Astorga, investigador en el Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, quien presentó una línea histórica para demostrar “el vínculo que siempre ha tenido el narcotráfico con los distintos partidos políticos, y esta connivencia es lo que hace difícil cambiar algo”.
El experto, que es además coordinador de la Cátedra UNESCO “Transformaciones económicas y sociales relacionadas con el problema internacional de las drogas”, presentó los puntos geográficos donde se concentra más la violencia y afirmó que su país “tiene que hacer mucho trabajo interno para encontrar las soluciones pero gran parte debe ser resuelta de manera integrada a nivel regional como un profunda modificación de las políticas de drogas a nivel mundial”.
Estigma y discriminación de clase
A su turno, Tarcisio Matos de Andrade, profesor de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Federal de Bahía y coordinador del Servicio de Extensión “Alianza de Reducción de Daños Fátima Cavalcanti” se concentró en los condicionantes ligados a la estigmatización. Puso como ejemplo la campaña vigente en Salvador de Bahía que se llama “Crack: prisión o cajón”. “¿Qué nos dice este mensaje? Que la sociedad sólo tiene para ofrecer al usuario de drogas la muerte o la prisión”, señaló. Y advirtió que “si bien el consumo de drogas se distribuye en todas las clases sociales, los tratamientos son sólo para las clases acomodadas”.
Matos de Andrade señaló además que “en Brasil tenemos pensada la reducción de daños de manera paternalista. No es posible tener programas de reducción de daños sin convivir con los usuarios, sin conocer su realidad, y sin trabajar con ellos en la construcción de las políticas públicas de las cuales serán beneficiarios”
Más vulnerables entre las poblaciones vulnerables
Finalmente, Monica Malta, de la Fundación Instituto Osvaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), especializada en investigaciones científicas sobre salud señaló que es una dificultad conocer en profundidad la situación de la población usuaria de drogas porque debido a la estigmatización asociada al uso de drogas, “la mayoría no declara su comportamiento en una entrevista con un investigador, especialmente cuando se trata de usuarios de drogas, que se sienten cohibidos ante un entrevistador que es muy diferente a ellos”.
Por este motivo, desde Fiocruz aplican el método Respondent Driven Sampling (RDS), donde el investigador es de la comunidad y llama a otros amigos, que a su vez llaman a otros, con lo cual se hace un grupo más heterogéneo. Con esta metodología entrevistaron en diez municipios a 3.500 usuarios de drogas.
Así llegaron a la conclusión de que en Brasil los usuarios de drogas inyectables que viven con VIH son una población más vulnerable que otras personas que viven con el virus, porque acceden menos a los servicios de salud. Matos concluyó: “Brasil es conocido mundialmente por su respuesta al VIH/Sida, pero la población de usuarios de drogas no accede a estos beneficios”.
En el cierre, Vera Da Ros, moderadora de la mesa, señaló cómo puede trazarse una línea de continuidad entre las fuerzas estructurales de definición de políticas sobre tráfico de drogas y reconocer su impacto en la situación particular de los usuarios de drogas. La situación global y macroestructural se traduce en mayor vulnerabilidad.
