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Warning: mktime(): It is not safe to rely on the system's timezone settings. You are *required* to use the date.timezone setting or the date_default_timezone_set() function. In case you used any of those methods and you are still getting this warning, you most likely misspelled the timezone identifier. We selected the timezone 'UTC' for now, but please set date.timezone to select your timezone. in
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Warning: date(): It is not safe to rely on the system's timezone settings. You are *required* to use the date.timezone setting or the date_default_timezone_set() function. In case you used any of those methods and you are still getting this warning, you most likely misspelled the timezone identifier. We selected the timezone 'UTC' for now, but please set date.timezone to select your timezone. in
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Warning: mktime(): It is not safe to rely on the system's timezone settings. You are *required* to use the date.timezone setting or the date_default_timezone_set() function. In case you used any of those methods and you are still getting this warning, you most likely misspelled the timezone identifier. We selected the timezone 'UTC' for now, but please set date.timezone to select your timezone. in
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Warning: date(): It is not safe to rely on the system's timezone settings. You are *required* to use the date.timezone setting or the date_default_timezone_set() function. In case you used any of those methods and you are still getting this warning, you most likely misspelled the timezone identifier. We selected the timezone 'UTC' for now, but please set date.timezone to select your timezone. in
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Warning: date(): It is not safe to rely on the system's timezone settings. You are *required* to use the date.timezone setting or the date_default_timezone_set() function. In case you used any of those methods and you are still getting this warning, you most likely misspelled the timezone identifier. We selected the timezone 'UTC' for now, but please set date.timezone to select your timezone. in
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Warning: date(): It is not safe to rely on the system's timezone settings. You are *required* to use the date.timezone setting or the date_default_timezone_set() function. In case you used any of those methods and you are still getting this warning, you most likely misspelled the timezone identifier. We selected the timezone 'UTC' for now, but please set date.timezone to select your timezone. in
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Warning: date(): It is not safe to rely on the system's timezone settings. You are *required* to use the date.timezone setting or the date_default_timezone_set() function. In case you used any of those methods and you are still getting this warning, you most likely misspelled the timezone identifier. We selected the timezone 'UTC' for now, but please set date.timezone to select your timezone. in
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O protagonismo dos usuários de drogas nas estratégias de atenção
Prevenção, tratamentos para o consumo problemático, redução de danos e integração social foram debatidos no painel sobre “Atenção integral ao usuário de drogas”. Que propostas existem para melhorar o acesso e a qualidade dos serviços? Quais são os desafios? Aqui, as experiências do Chile, Colômbia, Brasil e a voz dos próprios usuários de drogas.
Portas abertas, proximidade e território. Estas três palavras atravessaram todas as apresentações do painel “Atenção integral ao usuário de drogas” na manhã de sexta feira27, durante o debate protagonizado por Mauricio Zorondo, integrante da Rede Americana de Intervenção em Situações de Sofrimento Social (RAISSS) representação do Chile; Inés Elvira Mejia Motta, coordenadora da unidade de Gestão da política Nacional para a Redução do consumo de substancias Psicoativas da Colômbia; Denise Serafim, representante do Departamento de DST, AIDS e hepatites virais do ministério da saúde do Brasil e Domiciano Siqueira, representante da Associação Brasileira de Redutoras e Redutores de Danos (ABORDA), com a mediação de Jorge Hernández Tinajero, presidente do Coletivo por uma política integral às drogas (CUPIHD).
Chile: diminuir a distância social
No Chile, desde a Escola Nacional de Estudos e Formação na Abordagem das adicções e Situações críticas associadas (EFAD) foi realizado um estudo sobre o acesso aos serviços de saúde de usuários de drogas que revelou que 80 % dos usuários precisavam de atenção não estava recebendo. Maurizio Zorondo, secretário executivo da instituição responsável pelo estudo disse que o problema central era que “O sistema é distante às pessoas e com muitos requisitos para poder acessar ao serviço”.
Para reverter esta situação desenvolveram uma estratégia com três critérios: 1) diminuir a distância social; 2) deixar de trocarmos problemas e avaliar quais recursos existem na comunidade e 3) se situar no lugar do outro, e “não tentar mudá-lo e sim acompanhá-lo na busca de suas próprias soluções para diminuir seu sofrimento”, explicou. O trabalho da equipe desde a perspectiva RAISSS consiste em “abandonar a lógica de que as pessoas virão ao centro, trabalhar na rua se sentar nas esquinas a conversar com as pessoas e ativar toda a comunidade para estabelecer redes sociais onde se apóiam uns aos outros”.
Colômbia: diminuir a demanda
79,2 por cento do orçamento para temas de drogas na Colômbia são destinados a reduzir a oferta (a luta contra o narcotráfico) e apenas 2,8 por cento a reduzir a demanda (estratégias de atenção). Assim ressaltou Inés Elvira Mejía Motta, quem além de coordenadora da dependência à qual é responsável da assistência, é assessora do Ministério de Proteção Social desse país.
Em 2006 foi foi definida a atenção a usuários de drogas como um assunto de saúde mental e prioridade de saúde pública “fato que trouxe recursos econômicos e sociais para ir às comunidades e oferecer tratamento”, explicou. A abordagem é similar à apresentada pelo Chile: respeitar a autonomia do usuário de drogas e fortalecer as redes sociais. Uma particularidade do país é que, o porte para consumo pessoal, descriminalizada em 1994, voltou a ser penalizado, a partir do governo do ex-presidente Álvaro Uribe, “o que resulta uma barreira de aceso à atenção”, concluiu.
Brasil: diminuir o estigma
Por que falha a atenção a usuários de drogas? Com essa pergunta como eixo, o Departamento de DST, AIDS e Hepatite Virais do Ministério da Saúde do Brasil fez um diagnóstico que revelou, entre outras dificuldades, o pudor de ambas as partes, “entre profissional que não se atreve a perguntar e o usuário que não se atreve a dizer que bebe álcool ou outras substâncias”, disse Denise Serafim, representante do organismo.
A partir de reconhecer esta dificuldade, começaram uma estratégia que inclui: atenção à usuários de drogas em serviços básicos de saúde durante 24hs e não das 8 às 17 como era antes, consultórios de rua nos bairros e nas palavras da funcionária “outras estratégias para aproximar o profissional à cena real”.
Usuários de drogas: tratamentos de portas abertas
“Há diversos pontos de vista sobre o usuário de drogas: a saúde vê o uso de drogas como uma doença, a justiça como um delito e a religião como um pecado. Minha proposta é que a cidadania veja o uso de droga como um direito”, disse Domiciano Siqueira, representante da associação brasileira de redutoras e redutores de danos (ABORDA) a abrir sua apresentação. “O corpo é de cada um de nós e tudo que acontece da pele pra dentro é nosso”, reclamou.
Sobre as exposições de seus colegas de mesa, disse: “Ouvi muitas conferencias falando que o tratamento tem que ser digno, próximo, mas para mim o tratamento tem que ter, em resumo, as portas abertas, sem condições”.
E, para encerrar, realizou uma reflexão sobre a legalização do porte para consumo próprio desde um ponto de vista pouco freqüente: “Eu não sou contra, mas é importante pensar no que vai acontecer quando a legalização das drogas for um fato e os milhões de pessoas que vivem de vender no varejo fiquem desempregadas”.
No encerramento da mesa, seu mediador Jorge Hernández Tinajero, do CUPIHD, propôs revisar o protagonismo que é dado aos usuários e usuárias de drogas nas estratégias de atenção, como caminho indispensável “para alcançar uma atenção desde os direitos humanos e pelas decisões de cada individuo”.