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- Inicio
- Sobre la Conferencia
- Apoyos institucionales
- Programa
- Programa Día 1
- Programa Día 2
- Paneles
- Disertantes
- Tarcisio Andrade
- Luis Astorga
- Luciana Boiteux
- Manuel Cardoso
- Pedro Chequer
- Mónica Cuñarro
- Jorge da Silva
- Yago Di Nella
- Ann Fordham
- Luiz Paulo Guanabara
- Pedro Gabriel Godinho Delgado
- José Gomes Temporão
- Dirceu Greco
- Juan Carlos Hidalgo
- Javier Hourcade Bellocq
- Kasia Malinowska-Sempruch
- Monica Malta
- Bo Mathiesen
- Inés Mejía
- Pien Metaal
- Carlos Minc
- Reynaldo Molina Salvatierra
- Claudio Morgado
- Ethan Nadelmann
- Freddy Antonio Pavón Vásquez
- Jorge Ruibal Pino
- David Ruiz Villafranca
- José Serrano Salgado
- Domiciano Siqueira
- Aloíso Teixeira
- Paulo Teixeira
- Luiz Paulo Teles Ferreira Barreto
- Francisco Thoumi
- Graciela Touzé
- Paulo Vannuchi
- Pedro Vieira Abramovay
- Marcelo Vila
- Paulo Roberto Yog de Miranda Uchoa
- Mauricio Zorondo
- Moderadores
- Resúmenes de Mesa
- Boletines
- Lugar
- Conferencias anteriores
- Prensa
- Inscripción
- Información útil
- Acerca de Rio de Janeiro
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Resumen de Mesa
Panel: Consecuencias de la guerra contra las drogas
Una guerra que nadie gana y muchos pierden
Cárceles atestadas, lavado de dinero, aumento de la pobreza e inseguridad de poblaciones campesinas por la erradicación forzada de cultivos, problemas ambientales y de salud debidos a fumigaciones aéreas son algunas de las consecuencias en América Latina de la implementación, durante más de dos décadas, de las llamadas políticas de “guerra contra las drogas”. ¿Cómo afrontar estos problemas? ¿Cómo revertirlos?
(Viernes 27/08/10; 14:30 a 16:00) El debate sobre si son los factores económicos estructurales de América Latina o los aspectos culturales de sus sociedades los que han permitido que se instale y fortalezca el narcotráfico y el crimen organizado en la región fueron eje de la mesa Guerra contra las drogas. Así lo sintentizó su moderador, el boliviano Diego Giacoman Aramayo, especialista en la problemática de la hoja de coca y narcotráfico.
Del panel participaron el colombiano Francisco Thoumi, economista con una fuerte postura sobre los aspectos culturales y morales; el estadounidense Juan Carlos Hidalgo, quien presentó el impacto del plano económico; el boliviano Reynaldo Molina Salvatierra, quien se refirió a las alternativas económicas en la producción de coca y la coordinadora del programa sobre reformas a las leyes de drogas del Transnational Institute (TNI) Pien Metaal, de los países bajos.
La cultural, la moral y la economía¿Existe necesariamente una relación entre narcotráfico y violencia? ¿Cuáles son los factores que hacen que en una sociedad crezca el narcotráfico y se torne violento? Estas preguntas guiaron la presentación del colombiano Francisco Thoumi, economista de la Universidad de Minnesota e investigador experto en economía política de las drogas y el delito. “Hay factores que propiciaron la instalación de la producción de cocaína en Colombia”, afirmó.
Entre estos factores enumeró: la selva tropical húmeda, el saber refinar la cocaína, tener acceso a los insumos químicos, tener la capacidad de desarrollar redes internacionales para el tráfico y tener una sociedad en conflicto. Thoumi explicó que “son condiciones pero eso no significa que el problema vaya a surgir”.
Luego aseveró que “las políticas tradicionales no logran resolver este problema y otras políticas refuerzan los factores que causan el problema” y definió a las propuestas de legalización como “políticas parciales” que inciden sobre uno solo de los aspectos. “Para pensar una política que resuelva el problema del narcotráfico y la violencia hay que armonizar la ley, la cultura y la moral. El verdadero desafío para Colombia no es legalizar las drogas sino legalizar a Colombia; es decir, establecer el imperio de la ley en el país”, afirmó.
“La cuestión no es hacer buenas leyes, lo que hay que hacer es resolver el conflicto entre la norma legal y las normas de las leyes sociales, porque hay distorsión”, dijo Thoumi, quien puso como ejemplo el caso de los sicarios en su país, que terminan justificando sus crímenes dentro de su grupo social. “El individualismo moral profundo que hay en Colombia hace que a muchas personas no les importe el efecto que sus acciones tienen sobre otras personas”, concluyó.
El negocio del narcotráfico: 320 mil millones
Juan Carlos Hidalgo, coordinador de Proyectos para América Latina del Centro para la Libertad y Prosperidad Global (Cato Institute, Washington), hizo un recuento del fracaso de la guerra contra las drogas y citó como ejemplo el precio de la cocaína: “Un kilo en Colombia vale U$S 1600, cuando llega a Panamá ya está en U$S 2500, en la frontera Mexicana sube a U$S 13 mil, en Estados Unidos a U$S 20 mil y en el menudeo en ese país U$S 97 mil el kilo”.
De acuerdo a cifras de Naciones Unidas, el tráfico anual de drogas ilícitas mueve U$S 320 mil millones. “En este sentido es un problema económico aunque sus causas tienen diversas facetas, pero es importante pensar una solución al tema económico porque es lo que va a destrabar la discusión”, advirtió Hidalgo.
Una industria lícita de la hoja de coca
A su turno, el boliviano Reynaldo Molina Salvatierra, coordinador General del Programa de Apoyo al Control Social de la Producción de la Hoja de Coca, reforzó esta perspectiva económica: “Si no fuera un negocio productivo no habría alcanzado las dimensiones que alcanzó”.
Bolivia está trabajando sobre una nueva política nacional de lucha contra el narcotráfico y de reivindicación de la hoja de coca, ya no a partir de directrices impuestas sino a partir de su propia realidad. Parte de ese plan consiste en hacer un censo de los cultivadores de hoja de coca y de los cultivos y permitir los usos lícitos de la coca, como alimentos y medicina, entre cuyos beneficios Salvatierra mencionó que “el 18 por ciento de la composición de la coca son proteínas equiparables a las de la carne pero sin el colesterol y el ácido úrico”.
Otros componentes de la política nacional sobre drogas son: 1) Prevención y tratamiento de adicciones, “especialmente al alcohol, ya que en Bolivia casi no hay consumo de otras sustancias”, aclaró el experto; 2) Lucha contra el narcotráfico con presupuesto del estado nacional y 3) Control social de la producción de coca, “ya que la misma comunidad sabe de la producción y cuándo el uso será lícito o no”, concluyó Salvatierra.
Criminalización, la principal consecuencia
El cierre del panel estuvo a cargo de Pien Metaal, de los Países Bajos, miembro del equipo Drogas y Democracia y coordinadora del programa sobre reformas a las leyes de drogas del Transnational Institute (TNI). Ella se concentró en la criminalización como una de las principales consecuencias de haberse implementado durante más de veinte años ell paradigma de guerra contra las drogas en América Latina.
Metaal anunció que en breve serán publicados los resultados de un amplio estudio en ocho países sobre drogas y cárceles: “En la investigación que estamos haciendo en América Latina, hemos encontrado una situación endémica: existen violaciones de derechos humanos justificadas por la guerra a las drogas, en las que nadie gana y muchos pierden”.
